Free Society Essay Example

Free Society Essay Individuals have a wide range of definitions for the term free society. Some may consider their general public as free when that society esteems them rights and unrestrained choice, as the Bill of Rights sets up, while others believe a free society to be one that doesn't victimize those prominent as disagreeable by their companions. So as to have a sense of security, one must have their separate normal rights; notwithstanding, all together for a general public to genuinely be considered â€Å"free,† it can't build up social names, for example, disagreeable and well known. In my definition, a free society would have a distinct nonattendance of social names, and satisfaction and wellbeing could be built up for everybody. A free society ought not highly esteem the security of the disliked, but instead upon its absence of those thought about disagreeable. We can't make an elitist society wherein all individuals are viewed as mainstream; notwithstanding, a general public ought not label individuals as famous or disliked. At the point when applied, social names make an isolated society, and inner circles structure. As of late, a gay understudy at Rutgers University ended it all since his â€Å"more popular† colleague posted a video on the Internet of him having sexual experiences with another understudy, which brought about plentiful tormenting. This lead to his choice to at last end his life so as to get away from the consequences of his disagreeable way of life decisions. With the production of social names comes hazards that show up increasingly noticeable for the individuals who don't â€Å"hang out with the correct group. In social orders with social names, individuals get named as mainstream and disagreeable, yet as a rule, all the more practically as predator and casualty. A general public without social names would effectively stay away from social separation and maltreatment between social classes. Social names can't be a segment of a free society since they forestall all inclusive wellbeing. The terms well known and disagreeable spot individuals in typically fixed social class es. P! nk, a renowned pop craftsman, underlines the significance of social acknowledgment in her tunes, â€Å"Raise Your Glass† and â€Å"Perfect. â€Å"Raise Your Glass† features the significance of general and self-acknowledgment, while the â€Å"Perfect† music video shows the impacts of outer weights the absence of self-acknowledgment. In the â€Å"Perfect† music video, a young lady capitulates to the weights of being well known and fitting the mainstream picture. For her situation, the impacts included self-mutilation, loss of fearlessness and sense of pride, and social removal and withdrawal. As opposed to the â€Å"Perfect† music video is P! nk’s â€Å"Raise Your Glass† video, which commends all way of life decisions and ortrays a general public that totally acknowledges everybody and doesn't separate or force decisions. At the point when compared with â€Å"Raise Your Glass,† â€Å"Perfect† uncovers the genuine a dvantages that outcome from an absence of social names contrasted with the misery that can result from their application. At the point when a general public marks others socially, those being named will most likely be unable to completely acknowledge themselves. P! nk shows the severe impacts of the weights brought about by social names and that tolerant everybody, paying little heed to economic wellbeing, prompts extreme bliss. We will compose a custom exposition test on Free Society explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Free Society explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Free Society explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer A free society can't take into consideration the creation or utilization of social names and situation in social classes. The execution of social names has forced negative results that have crushed people, yet the groups of those people too. All inclusive wellbeing must be set up through the boycott of social marks, and subsequently a boycott of social discontent. A free society is characterized by its absence of social marks and, in this manner, all inclusive wellbeing.

Challenges of International Apparel Brands in Penetrating China Essay

Difficulties of International Apparel Brands in Penetrating China - Essay Example This paper further underlines on the investigation of Chinese culture and its effect on the consumers’ inclinations. China as a developing economy is viewed as the possibility for the outside brands to investigate the nation. China is supposed to be the place that is known for new chances at life and to break down its actual nature the paper has concentrated on the ramifications of Chinese culture and what global brands requires to be a piece of the Chinese business showcase. Why china is a significant market? By what method would china be able to assist worldwide brands with extending their piece of the overall industry? These inquiries have likewise been the purpose of conversation in the paper. It can likewise be seen that China however offers opportunity, yet for any remote brand to venture into China would require an exploration on the Chinese purchasers conduct. Buyer look into dependent on the standard of conduct can cause the global brands to comprehend the market in a superior manner to actualize the correct technique. An exhaustive research dependent on the investigation of information assortment and different techniques can assume a noteworthy job in understanding the genuine idea of shopper conduct in setting to the Chinese culture (Hoyer and Macinnis, 2009, p. 40). System Research procedure can be characterized as the way toward dissecting, gathering and contriving the necessary data. Strategy is a significant technique for any organization needing to advertise its item in another domain (Burns and Bush, 2007, p. 6-7). Statistical surveying approach includes the clarification of the issue and the procedure to locate the ideal arrangement. The reason for issue and the exploration system plan are straightforwardly relative to one another. The examination philosophy has likewise helped in deciding the goal of paper which is to break down the Chinese market and the customer... The paper works essentially dependent on look into addresses which can be expressed as follows: Why China is a significant market? By what means would china be able to assist worldwide brands with extending their piece of the overall industry? It can likewise be seen that China however offers opportunity, yet for any remote brand to venture into China would require an examination on the Chinese customers conduct. Shopper inquire about dependent on the standard of conduct can cause the global brands to comprehend the market in a superior manner to actualize the correct methodology. An intensive research dependent on the investigation of information assortment and different strategies can assume a critical job in understanding the genuine idea of purchaser conduct in setting to the Chinese culture. Chinese economy is one of the quickest developing economies on the planet. Since, the coming of monetary advancement in the mid 1980’s the nation has seen remarkable development. This component of the nation has made it the hotspot for the remote brands ready to grow their business and broaden their piece of the pie. Chinese culture in contrast with different societies is extraordinary and this makes the way to progress multifaceted for the worldwide brands. Chinese buyers have solid preference for remote brands as they barely separate them as various brands but instead treat each brand as a worldwide brand and use it to keep up their superficial point of interest. The Chinese consumers’ conduct has consistently been a topic of conversation. The case is the equivalent in setting to the worldwide dress brands extending in China.

Maybe its okay to be this way

Maybe it’s okay to be this way Ive been reading popular science for a long time. Its why Im interested in science. Its probably why Im at MIT. I have tremendous appreciation for people like Brian Greene and Oliver Sacks, who are great communicators about their specialty, but am equally admiring of writers like David Quammen and Richard Preston, who arent scientists by training but have a knack for delving into scientific fields and then writing about them. If youve never read anything by Quammen or Preston, you must. I recommend The Flight of the Iguana and First Light, respectively; reading those books was like eating REALLY GOOD CHOCOLATE ICE CREAM, in that you skim off the TINIEST sliver at a time, in order to drag out the eating process as long as possible. You can do that without losing flavor because each sliver tastes SO FREAKING GOOD. Since I read First Light,  and found out that science writing is an actual profession, it has secretly been my dream job. You learn and write about any area of science that interests you FOR A LIVING! You get to make connections with renowned scientists and share their stories with the public FOR A LIVING! Sounds perfect to me: my favorite activities are writing and teaching, I love all areas of science and deeply resent the idea of having to specialize, and have a penchant for running around, introducing myself to professors, and asking about their work. A little more on this specialization resentment:  I have read EVERY SINGLE CLASS DESCRIPTION for EVERY SINGLE DEPARTMENT AT MIT. Literally. At the beginning of the semester, when I finally stopped procrastinating on picking classes for the semester, I went online, made a list of 38 I wanted to take this fall, and gave up. I had room for four. This has made me feel like an imposter in the science research community. Most of my classmates seem pretty settled with their major; they know that they want to go to graduate school in X, or have been doing a UROP for 2+ years and are loving it.   Sure, a lot of them are conflicted, too, but it always seems like theyre conflicted between two different topics in X, rather than between eighty entirely distinct fields, like me. And then there are my professors, who have, as far as I can tell, been physics prodigies since birth. Ive talked to a number of them, and it doesnt seem like there was ever a big identity WHAT SHOULD I DO WITH MY LIFE? crisis. The path was pretty clear: love physics, be ridiculously good at it, become a physicist, profit. I, on the other hand, was certain that I WASNT going to become a physicist before this summer. I did a complete one-eighty. I was 90% set on becoming a neurologist, because 1) I figured that being interested in science + wanting to help people and change the world meant becoming a doctor, and 2) brains are both scientifically interesting, and directly relevant to society. I figured that the importance of whether the Higgs boson exists or not, or the universe has an open or closed geometry, paled in comparison to whether we could cure neurological disorders. Then I spent a summer at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, and had a transforming research experience with a brilliant, very personable mentor. I became obsessed with pulsars. I gave talks at the local observatory, and figured that I could lead a joint research/outreach life do research and outreach at a planetarium, like Neil deGrasse Tyson. I could be a scientist who changes the way science is taught Something that continued to disturb me: how can I be so different from my fellow physicists and rising physicists and still want to go into the same kind of profession? Maybe that means science research isnt right for me? That Im not the type? Almost everyone I know likes equation-manipulationg and science research more than creative writing. Some of them actually hate writing. Its one of those things you unfortunately have to do as a scientist; its the icky part of the package. Im the opposite:  I am 100% sure that I wouldnt become a scientist if it meant not writing or communicating ever again. If all these successful physicists I know have never REALLY wanted to do anything else, or had much of a conflict about their career, maybe that means Im not cut out to be a successful physicist? My insecurities hit me again in full force  after science journalism class last Thursday;  I had spent an hour in rapture, as our professor read us a piece he wrote two decades ago about a neonatal physician who died of toxic shock syndrome, and walked out feeling more torn than ever. I began to fret that I would spend my ENTIRE LIFE conflicted, and as a result never actually accomplish anything. I freaked out, and did what I always do when I freak out:  I walked to my special spot on Mem. Drive, by the river (where I used to rehearse for the musical, because no one would be able to hear me) and phoned a friend. Sam 14 has been one of my best friends since CPW since before I knew I was going to come to MIT. He is Godly At Physics In A Way I Can Never Hope To Be. He walked over. We talked. I admit that I shed a few tears. He gave me a hug and a frame of reference with which to calibrate my out-of-control perspective. I calmed down. He then spent two hours giving me a crash course in the linear algebra one needs to know for 8.05 (Quantum II) since Ive been dying in that class due to Insufficient Math Background. I found out afterwards that he had his own psets to finish. This seems to be the MIT way: punt your psets to help your friends. We help each other survive the inevitable tough times, here. Its Sams birthday tomorrow, so heres a shoutout happy birthday, friend! Sappiness aside, I got a good nights sleep and felt much better in the morning (it was a rough, rough week) but still a little uncomfortable. Enter Professor Dumbledore. If you didnt read my other post about him, heres the low-down: hes a professor in the physics department who has been a fabulous unofficial mentor to me. Ive never taken a class with him, done research under his supervision, anything like that Ive just talked to him. A few days before the semester started, I made an appointment to visit Professor Dumbledore, and fill him in on my research experience at the NRAO. Towards the end of the conversation, he glanced at his watch and gave me one of the most cryptic set of instructions I have ever received: Professor Dumbledore: Okay, Anna. I want you to go downstairs to the second floor. Me: second floor. Dumbledore: To the Marlar Lounge. Me: Marlar Lounge. Got it. Dumbledore: There, you will find about forty astrophysics graduate students, snarfing down food. Me: Forty grad students. Marlar Lounge. Okay. Dumbledore: I want you to announce your presence Me: Announce my p-wait, what? Dumbledore: -say that youre interested in astrophysics, and ask if you can hang with them. Me: WHAT? Dumbledore: But HURRY, because someone is about to start giving a talk. You have to go RIGHT NOW. Me: Iwhat? Okay. BYE! and without questioning, I ran out the door and into the elevator, hit 2, and counted down the seconds left of my dignity. I marched into the Marlar Lounge: sure enough, there were about 40 graduate students in there. They were NOT snarfing food they were sitting in rows of chairs, while the speaker stood poised with a pointer, ready to begin his presentation. All of them turned to look at me. The terror that Dumbledore could just be messing with me materialized; I banished it. Riddikulus. Me: Hello! Graduate students: Me: Im Anna. Im an undergrad. I like astrophysics. Professor Dumbledore told me to ask if I can hang with you. They burst out laughing. Graduate students: Yes, of course! Welcome! Sit down, sit down. I sat down. Turned out that the talk was about a radio astronomy project that an MIT group is doing at the same telescope I used this summer. My conclusion: Dumbledore is all-knowing and all-seeing. Nowadays, the Marlar Lounge is a second home to me I go there every week for the Astrophysics colloquium. Going to these events regularly is nice, because you see the same people over and over again; I sit at the front of the room with Dumbledore, my ex-astronomy professor, my UROP supervisor (whos bff with my supervisor from the summer) and other very distinguished astrophysicists and astronomers (very distinguished and on the astrophysics faculty at MIT is sort of redundant.) Yesterday, the colloquium was about RadioAstron: a telescope that was launched into space last year, to be used with telescopes on Earth to provide very high-resolution data. Its the equivalent of examining bacteria from a mile away in the radio part of the spectrum, of course, because radio astronomy is the best. As a radio astronomer-in-training, I wanted to get an experts opinion on the project. So, I went to Dumbledore, even though hes technically not a radio astronomer. He gave me some thoughts but conceded that it wasnt his specialty, and that he didnt want to give me too biased of an opinion. As I waited for the elevator and he walked to his office, I heard him yell ANNA!!!! ANNA!!!!! and went running back. Professor Dumbledore: Anna, come here. I want you to meet someone. Me: ??? He walked me to an office down the hall. Dumbledore: Anna, this is Josh Winn. Josh Winn looked up from his desk. Me: Hi, nice to meet you! Dumbledore: Josh, I want you to meet my friend Anna. Shes a sophomore. Me: Junior. Dumbledore: Junior. Dumbledore is allowed to forget things sometimes. The information is all in his pensieve(s), anyway. Josh Winn: Hello! Dumbledore: Shes going to be a force. I contributed to the introductions with a mortified silence. Dumbledore: She wants to know about RadioAstron, but I told her that its not really my specialty so Im going to leave her with you. Anna, get Joshs opinion, then you calibrate it with mine. Me: Sounds like a plan. Dumbledore left, and shut the door. Me: Errhi. Sorry to barge in like this. Josh Winn: No problem! *blah blah thoughts on RadioAstron that are not really important to this story* Me: Oh, great. Thanks. Soactually, while Im hereyou probably dont remember me, but back in my freshman year I arranged a meeting with you and we chatted about careers and interests. Josh Winn: Oh! Me: Yeah, it was a while ago. I was wondering if we could chat a bit now, if you dont mind Josh Winn: Of course! What followed blew my mind. Literally. I could feel bits of brain ricocheting against the inside of my skull.  Turns out that Josh Winn: 1) was a physics major at MIT 2) loved all subjects chem, bio, physics, everything and particularly loved to write 3) wanted to help people, so (for other reasons as well) decided to go to medical school 4) thought that maybe he could get away with not having to specialize by becoming a science writer 5)  the summer after graduating from college, took an internship writing science articles for the Economist in London 6) realized that medicine wasnt for him, and that he missed physics research, so went to astronomy graduate school 7) continued as a freelance science writer for the Economist through graduate school 8) became a radio astronomer 9) left radio astronomy and is now doing research on exoplanets Seriously. It was like hearing my life, then my future, recited back to me. The conversation is a bit of a blur; I was very sleep-deprived and a little unstable. I was so overwhelmed by the idea that someone ACTUALLY UNDERSTOOD ME that I nearly started crying. I remember interjecting with WHAT?????? NO WAY!!! and a few ME TOO!!!!!s and one very embarrassing (WHY DID I SAY THIS???) OH MY GOD WERE LIKE THE SAME PERSON! If Josh Winn diagnosed me with some sort of Serious Mental Problem, he didnt say so, though. He made sure to stress that  just because astronomy ended up being the right decision for him, it didnt mean that it would be the right decision for me that it was important to figure out what MY thing was. Turned out that medicine and science journalism werent for him. I asked why he decided against becoming a science writer, and he said it was because it was a bit too vicarious; you spend your time writing about amazing projects that OTHER people are doing. Fair enough. I asked for some advice on what to do now: he suggested that I write regularly, get in touch with Alan Lightman (I was pleased to be able to say that I already have I hunted Prof. Lightman down at a thesis reading last spring, and he agreed to read some of my writing for me), and keep doing astrophysics research to give myself the best shot at getting into a good grad school (thats the plan.) He emphasized that ITS OKAY! to feel conflicted. Its okay to have lots of interests. He also told me that being able to write well, and LIKING to write, is a very rare and valuable commodity in the science world; he called it a secret weapon. When I explained my guilt in wanting to become an astrophysicist Im worried that I wont be helping society! he said very simply that there are a lot of ways to help people. Hes right, I think.  There are infinite ways to help the world and a finite number of days in which to do so. Maybe the best plan is to identify something one loves to do, then do it all the while thinking of ways to connect it to the rest of the world. We might see problems solved from non-traditional, oblique angles that way. Eventually, I thanked Josh Winn a billion times and told him that I would come back if I had another identity crisis. He laughed. I returned to the elevator, and thanked it from the bottom of my heart for not arriving before Dumbledore called my name.

Payroll System Thesis Ch1-3 - 3498 Words

Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 About the Study GJ Kids Group is an experienced global chemical distributor that provides creative and innovative sourcing solutions, quality raw materials and product alternatives to industry manufacturers in the Philippines. Over the years they have established themselves as reliable and reputable sellers of industrial and fine chemicals serving industries all over the Philippines. Their key markets include the soap and detergent industry, paints and coatings industry, and food industry. Their sources of supply include both domestic and foreign producers. In addition to their highly efficient supply relationships and abilities, we also bring value through the following sales related activities: *†¦show more content†¦Scope * The study will handle the employees’ attendance and pay slip calculation inclusive of their gross and net pay for faster processing. Deductions such as Social Security System [SSS], Human Development Mutual Fund [HDMF], and Philippine Health Insurance Corporation [PHIC] will be used for the calculation of their net pay. * The study will be responsible for reducing the Physical storage space of records and thus providing a more suitable database for the whole payroll system. * The study will provide ways of securing the data of all employees by restricting public access via password prompts. Limitation * The study will not be suitable for calculations for other companies. It will only be solely made for GJKids employees. * The study will not cover the automation of the daily time records of the company or any subject pertaining to that matter. 1.7 Definition of Terms Operational These terms identify one or more specific observable conditions. Accuracy – free of error (correctness), closeness to truth or fact. Authentication – proof of authenticity. Automated – conversion of manual works to automatic operation. Daily Time Record [DTR] – daily attendance of each employee. Data Integrity – accuracy and consistency of stored data, indicated by an absence of any alterations and free from any authorized change. Efficiency – comparison of what is produced with what can be achieve with the same consumption of resources (money,Show MoreRelatedInternational Business Environment6667 Words   |  27 Pagespolicies and strategies. 2. Demonstrate understanding of the political, socio-cultural, economic and technological factors that have been found to influence variations in international organisational business structures and management styles 3. Critically assess the relationship between national and organisational cultures 4. Relate conceptual theory of ‘internationalisation’, innovation and competitive advantage to different industries and locations Skills: 1. DemonstrateRead MoreInternal Control and Fraud Detection in the Banking Industry (a Case Study of Guarantee Trust Bank Plc)11154 Words   |  45 Pagesweaknesses in the internal control systems of the banks. This has clearly pointed out the picture of how fraud has penetrated into the financial strength of Nigerian Banks. In a nut-shell, the damages which this menace, called fraud has done to the banks in innumerable and needs urgent attention. Therefore, the attempt to put an end to this economic degradation, gave rise to the topic of this research study. Internal control and fraud detection in the banking system with GTB Plc as a case study. However

The Romantic Era Of The Age Of Enlightenment - 890 Words

The Romantic Era was a literary movement that occurred in the late 18th century and the early 19th century. During this movement, artists and authors alike rebelled against the established order and classism of the time, and the values once believed in during the Age of Enlightenment (The Romantic Era ). While the people of the Age of Enlightenment valued reason, and focused on the new and original (The Enlightenment), the people of the Romantic Era focused on the emotions of the individual, nature, and the narrowed outlook of life seen through the simplicity of undereducated societies (The Nineteenth Century: Romanticism ). .A number of the literary pieces and artistic paintings from this time were based not only on the emotions of the artists, but were also shaped by the changing world around them. During the Romantic Era, wars were fought as countries were torn apart over the class systems and the unjust treatment that the people of lower classes suffered. A list of the wars fought in this period includes The Battle Of Waterloo, fought by the emperor Napoleon , which ended in 1815,the revolutions of the countries France, Italy, Austria, and Prague, and The American Civil War, fought from 1861 to 1865 (Romanticism Timeline ). Romantic poets like Walt Whitman, who experienced the American Civil War first hand (Walt Whitman), used their experiences with the wars to create their poetry. The elements of the arts, musical, literary, and illustrated, that the romanticsShow MoreRelatedWilliam Wordsworths Expostulation And Reply1615 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophies of the Romantic era. This poem was published in Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems in 1798, a publication considered by some to mark the beginning of the Romantic era in literature. These two poems bring back a poet ic form that became a trademark for the British Romantic poets: the ballad. This form, often associated with simplicity, was useful in conveying the ideologies that were portrayed by the romantic poets. In reaction to the preceding Age of Enlightenment or Age of Reason, theRead More Literary Analysis of the Enlightenment Period and Romanticism1461 Words   |  6 Pagesbirth of the Enlightenment and Romantic Periods. There were similarities as well as very notable differences between the two. There were also two prominent voices that gained notoriety during each of these two periods. Voltaire is considered to be the pioneer of the power of reason and Rousseau is looked upon as a legendary figure of Nineteenth Century Romanticism. This analysis will evaluate the two eras, both writers and a literary piece. The Enlightenment Era gave way to an age of reasoningRead MoreThe Contributions Of The Romantic Era And Romanticism1107 Words   |  5 PagesThere was a time for reason, as well as a time for love. As we have seen from our past, today we have time for both. The Age of Reason, also known as the Enlightenment, took place during the 18th century, which was a time for philosophers to thrive. They sought out the truth behind our everyday lives, to figure out how they shaped our society. The Romantic Era or Romanticism took place during the late 18th century to the late 19th century focused on following people’s hearts more than their mindsRead MoreRomanticism1649 Words   |  7 PagesRomanticism in the Nineteenth Century The Romantic period followed the era of logical, philosophical, and social movement in the 17th to 18th century. However, as the 19th century began, Romanticism came into the light with a new perspective that intrigued the people. It stressed emphasis on emotions and imagination while also helping to realize the importance of self-expression. The American Romanticism movement illustrated inspiration, bias and predominance of individuals in the nineteenth centuryRead MoreTaking a Look at the Romantic Era1107 Words   |  4 PagesRomantic Era Romanticism was brought to life around 1780 and thinned out around 1850. During this age romantic thought and imagination was chosen over reason, emotions, logic, intuition, and science. The late 18th century was a perfect era for romanticism. During this time period it spread wildly through the countries of Europe, the United States and Latin America and touched the pens of so many writers. Romanticism gave a type of feeling that made a lot excited or enthused to write and expressRead MoreThe Marriage of Heaven and Hell Essay922 Words   |  4 PagesThe Marriage of Heaven Hell William Blake The Romantic Period We, as members of the human race, have been endowed with five senses. We have the ability to reason and to be reasonable. We are able to present, receive, and mentally process information logically. The period in history when the importance of these innate functions was stressed is known as the Age of Reason, or the Enlightenment. Also important to this age was the use of science, scientific methods, and theories. This periodRead MoreTop Ten1569 Words   |  7 PagesTop Ten Assignment The Enlightenment and Romanic Ages produced numerous masterpieces in art, music, architecture, and literature which people still enjoy today. These opus magnums along with the philosophies during the two periods are reflections of the developments in world events and cultural patterns. This paper will present two pieces of art, music, architecture, literature, and philosophy from the Enlightenment and Romanic Ages that best represents the developments patterns from that time. Read MoreOn How the Artists of the Romantic Period Chose to React against the Approaches and Philosophy Established during the Age of Elightment 1185 Words   |  5 Pagesartists during the Romantic period, that took place around the 18th and 19th centuries, choose to react against the approaches and philosophy established by artist during the age of Enlightenment. We will take a look at a few obviously Romantic artworks to help us better our understanding of this fascinating movement. To understand how Romanticism has rejected, or reacted to, the Enlightenment, we first need to take a look at what artists believed during the Enlightenment era. According to Fred SRead MoreFrankenstein : Underlying Tones Of Romanticism1279 Words   |  6 Pages Unlike the ideas from the period of Enlightenment, which were comparatively more scientific and rational in nature, the ideas from the period of Romanticism aimed to elevate the role of emotion, instinct, spirit and soul. Although a number of critics argue that Frankenstein does not conform to the brighter themes and subjects of the works of Mary Shelley’s contemporaries, many critics argue that Victor Frankenstein’s story â€Å"initiates a rethinking of romantic rhetoric† (Guyer 76). Several centralRead MoreEssay on Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment903 Words   |  4 PagesDiscuss the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment along with the subsequent reaction as embodied by the Romantic movement. Give specific examples of how these movements affected the arts. What was their eventual impact on the western intellectual world. The Scientific revolution and The Enlightenment period overlapped by a hundred years and were co-occurring between 1650-1750. The Scientific Revolution happening first and beginning around 1600, was a period of time when new ideas and tools

Relative Frequency And Effects Of Disasters Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(114) " frequence and strength of inundations in many parts of the universe including India due to current clime change\." Introduction Harmonizing to India catastrophe study 2011, 14 States and one Union Territory of India had experienced at least one catastrophe during the twelvemonth 2011. The harm occurred in footings of figure of human lives lost was 1432 and figure of cowss perished was 6266. In entire 6,84,901 houses were damaged and 16. We will write a custom essay sample on Relative Frequency And Effects Of Disasters Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 28 lakh hectares of cropped country were affected. 1 Rank Catastrophe Year of happening Entire figure of people affected 1 Drought 1987 300,000,000 2 Drought 2002 300,000,000 3 Drought 1972 200,000,000 4 Flood 1993 128,000,000 5 Drought 1965 100,000,000 6 Drought 1982 100,000,000 7 Drought 2000 50,000,000 8 Flood 2002 42,000,000 9 Flood 1975 34,000,000 10 Flood 1982 33,500,000 Source- EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database www.em-dat.net – Universite Catholique de Louvain – Brussels – Belgique Table1.2 Top 10 Natural Disasters in India during 1900-2012 in footings of economic harm Rank Catastrophe Year of happening Damage ( 000 US $ ) 1 Flood 1993 7,000,000 2 Flood 2006 3,390,000 3 Flood 2005 3,330,000 4 Earthquake 2001 2,623,000 5 Storm 1999 2,500,000 6 Flood 2004 2,500,000 7 Flood 2005 2,300,000 8 Storm 1990 2,200,000 9 Flood 2009 2,150,000 10 Flood 2010 1,680,000 Source- EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database www.em-dat.net – Universite Catholique de Louvain – Brussels – Belgique Droughts and inundations were the catastrophes which affected maximal figure of people in India. Table1.1 shows the top 10 natural catastrophes in India in footings of entire figure of people affected during 1900-2012. In footings of economic harm it was once more the inundations which had caused immense economic losingss to India. Table1.2 shows the top 10 natural catastrophes in India in footings of economic harm during 1900-2012. 1.2 Catastrophe So what is a catastrophe? Let ‘s discuss about it. Disaster is defined as happening of calamity in any country which may be due to natural or manmade causes. It can happen as an accident or due to negligence and may ensue in loss of human life and/or cattle life and/or harm to belongings. It may besides take to debasement of environment. Community of the affected country normally do n’t hold the capacity to get by with the state of affairs without external support. 2 Catastrophes can be classified into two wide types: natural catastrophes and manmade catastrophes. The High Power Committee on catastrophe direction in India, constituted in 1999, has identified 31 different catastrophes which can be categorized into five major groups. 3 I. Water and clime related catastrophes two. Geological catastrophes three. Chemical, industrial and atomic catastrophes four. Accident related catastrophes v. Biological catastrophes 1.2.1 Disaster direction Disaster direction is necessary non merely for prompt response during catastrophe but for bar of it and for decrease of hazard and badness of any catastrophe. It is a uninterrupted and incorporate procedure of planning, organizing, organizing and implementing different activities and steps. It includes readiness, appraisal of magnitude of effects, prompt response such as emptying, deliverance and alleviation. It besides includes rehabilitation and reconstruction.2 A typical catastrophe direction rhythm has six elements ; the pre-disaster stage comprises of bar, extenuation and readiness while the post-disaster stage comprises of response, rehabilitation, Reconstruction and recovery. 4 Traditionally, direction of any catastrophe worldwide, focussed on immediate deliverance and alleviation operation, so as in India. After the Great Famine of 1876-1878 in India, the Famine Commission was constituted in 1880. The Famine Relief Code was besides adopted. 5 Relief sections were set up under British regulation for exigencies during catastrophes. After independency, catastrophe direction in each province was looked after by Relief Commissioners, under Cardinal Relief Commissioner. Their function were limited to distribution of alleviation stuff in the affected countries. 3 Consequent upon announcement of the decennary 1990-2000 as International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction ( IDNDR ) by the general assembly of the United Nations 6 and the universe conference on natural catastrophes decrease at Yokohama, Japan in 1994, Government of India constituted a High Powered Committee in August, 1999. 7 The High Power Committee gave its recommendations in October 2001 including a bill of exchange of the catastrophe direction measure and suggested for the constitution of National Disaster Management Authority. 3, 5 After Odisha Super Cyclone ( 1999 ) and Gujarat Earthquake ( 2001 ) , India changed its catastrophe direction attack from reactive to proactive. 8 After the super cyclone, the Government of Odisha established the Odisha State Disaster Management Authority ( OSDMA ) . 5 1.2.2 Relative frequence and effects of catastrophes World meteoric organisation statistics shows that harm caused by natural catastrophes during 1963-2002 was worst for inundations ( Flood-32 % , Tropical cyclone-30 % , Droughts-22 % , Earthquakes-10 % and other disasters-6 % ) . 3 78.4 % of all catastrophe events worldwide occur due to hydro-meteorological causes and 47.94 % of all catastrophe deceases worldwide are due to hydro-meteorological catastrophes from 1900 to 2009. 3 Children and adult females are the most vulnerable group as 85 % of the deceases during catastrophes are of adult females and kids. 3 1.3 Flood Flood is defined as ‘the status that occurs when H2O overflows the natural or unreal confines of a watercourse, river, or other organic structure of H2O, or accumulates by drainage over low-lying countries ‘ . 9 Flood can happen in a little localised country due to heavy rainfall over a sustained period of clip and the attendant drainage job. Flash implosion therapy occurs when it rains excessively rapidly, by and large for less than six hours. But river inundations are normally of longer continuance as it may last a hebdomad or more and in some instances for months together doing more harm to human lives and farm animal. Coastal inundations are caused by tsunami, heavy costal rainfall and tidal action.10 River inundations are expected in some geographical countries. Peoples by and large welcome inundations as they provide rich dirt for cultivation and H2O for assorted intents. But flood at an unexpected graduated table and with inordinate frequence causes harm to lives, farm animal and the environment. Matter of concern is that, there is addition in the frequence and strength of inundations in many parts of the universe including India due to current clime change. You read "Relative Frequency And Effects Of Disasters Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples"11 1.3.1 Flood in India The Indian sub-continent is extremely vulnerable to assorted types of natural catastrophes like drouths, inundations, cyclones, temblors, and landslides etc. India is one of the 10 worst catastrophe prone states of the universe. 3 Among all these natural catastrophes that occur in the state, river inundations are the most frequent and frequently the most annihilating. In India, 40 million hectares of land which is about one-eighth of the entire country of the state is prone to inundations. Flood occurs in 23 out of entire 35 provinces and brotherhood districts in the state. 3 To command inundation in the state, The National Flood Control Program was launched in India in 1954. 3 1.3.2 Flood in Odisha Odisha province which is situated in the east seashore of India is one of the most vulnerable Indian provinces to climate change.12 It is located between 170 48 ‘ N and 220 35 ‘ N latitudes, and 810 47 ‘ E and 870 32 ‘ E longitudes. 1 The chief rivers of Odisha are Mahanadi, Brahmani, Baitarani, Budhabalanga, Subarnarekha, Rushikulya etc. These rivers are perennial with sulky flow throughout the dry season. With the oncoming of monsoon they swell threateningly and deluge big countries. 1 Odisha experiences terrible inundations in about every two old ages. 13 1.3.3 Flood in Kendrapara territory of Odisha Kendrapara territory is one of the coastal territories of Odisha. After separation from Cuttack territory as a separate territory in 1993, Kendrapara has faced terrible inundations in 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 13and late in 2011.14 Harmonizing to India catastrophe study 2011, Kendrapara territory was severely hit by inundation in 2011. All the nine development blocks in the territory were affected. 473 small towns of 116 Gram Panchayats and two Urban Local Bodies ( ULBs ) were affected. Entire figure of population affected were 507145 ( Third highest after 625897 in Puri territory and 526923 in Cuttack territory ) with 13 human casualties ( Highest in the province ) . 27000 houses were damaged ( Second highest after Puri territory ) including kuchha and pucca houses. 1 1.3.4 Health effects of inundation Floods are frequently considered the most frequent and dearly-won of all natural catastrophes in footings of human agony and economic loss.15 Health impacts of inundation vary between populations and these depend on the physical exposure of population, single every bit good as community readiness and the type and continuance of flood event. The immediate wellness effects of inundation can be submerging, hurt, acute asthma, tegument roseolas, stomach flu, and respiratory infections. The mid-term effects of inundation are infected lesions, toxic condition, catching diseases, and famishment. The long-run wellness effects of inundation can be disablement, hapless mental wellness and malnutrition. 16 Approximately two-thirds of the flood deceases can be attributed to submerging. This implies that other one-third human deaths are due to causes other than submerging, such as physical injury, bosom onslaught, fire, C monoxide toxic condition and electrocution.17 In inundation state of affairss, there are ever increased opportunity of transmittal of diseases like cholera, cryptosporidiosis, infantile paralysis, rotavirus, enteric fever and paratyphoid, particularly in countries if the community does non hold entree to safe imbibing H2O and sanitation.18 Common mental upsets like anxiousness, depression and posttraumatic emphasis upset are common after a nerve-racking event of an exceptionally baleful nature like terrible inundation. 18 These may attest with symptoms like upseting memories, turning away of fortunes associated with the stressor, sleep perturbations, crossness and deficiency of concentration.18 Loss of cherished ownerships in inundation can hold much more impact than fiscal losingss. 19 One survey found a four times increase in unwellnesss among people whose places were flooded compared with those whose places were non flooded.20 Referrals to infirmaries were more than double from the flooded families than not flooded families for the old ages following the inundations in Europe. 21 One community degree survey in rural Odisha, India shows that exposure to inundations is associated with long-run malnutrition. Children who are exposed to inundations during their first twelvemonth of life show higher degrees of chronic malnutrition compared to the kids who are non exposed to deluge during their infancy.22 1.4 Public wellness system and inundation Public wellness system should stay prepared to supply exigency services to the community as the demand may increase all of a sudden when inundation strikes the community. 23 but public wellness systems face tonss of jobs in pull offing the inundation state of affairs. 1.4.1 Problems Flood can hold impact on the public wellness attention systems in two ways. The direct impact is due to structural harm to wellness installations and the secondary impact is through other direction jobs. 24 Scarcity of resources reduces the ability of the wellness system to react efficaciously. 25 Public wellness systems besides face jobs in presenting services due to population supplanting and power failure. Population supplanting leads to herding and sanitation job around the impermanent colonies. This may take to outbreak of diseases. 26 Water intervention workss may halt working due to power failure job during inundations. This increases the hazard for waterborne diseases. Power failure job besides affects proper operation of wellness installations such as care of cold concatenation. 26 Disease surveillance in affected countries is of import to understand the impact of inundation on diseases. But acquiring accurate and timely information during inundation is often disputing. 26 Healthcare instantly after inundation is frequently delivered by many bureaus and organisations. Coordination among them at that clip becomes a challenge. 26 1.4.2 Readiness In general inundation readiness steps include building of dikes, land usage planning, watershed direction, inundation prediction and warning system, inundation eventuality planning and readiness of community for self-defense activity and capacity edifice programmes. 11 Public and the public governments ever focus on structural intercessions that modify and control the velocity and the force of flood.10 Primary wellness Centres under public wellness system are the chief wellness attention establishments in rural countries to cover with wellness impacts of catastrophes. 27, 28 Poor people are more likely to be affected than the wealthier, when public wellness establishments are affected. 29 To cut down the wellness impacts on a population significantly, wellness system should hold information on impending inundation. 30 Flood readiness planning for public wellness system should be an on-going procedure. It should embrace all stakeholders so that the corporate wisdom can be utilised to cut down the impact of inundation, to take necessary action during the inundation event and to take up proper rehabilitation and recovery activities. 31 but it is a common fact that public wellness planning processes in most of the states including India are based on premises and guesss instead than grounds. 27 1.4.3 Community National Disaster Management Authority ( NDMA ) has advised the Ministry of Panchayati Raj and Rural Development to turn to the concerns of catastrophe direction in the preparation of representatives of the Panchayati Raj Institutions and local organic structures. Women Self Help Groups ( SHGs ) , Anganwadi workers and adult females voluntaries are playing a lead function in catastrophe direction readiness. Accredited Social Health Activist ( ASHA ) workers are besides easing first assistance and hunt and deliverance preparation for big figure of people. 8 So community should be cognizant about their exposure and strength. They are themselves the first respondents to any type of catastrophes. Education and preparation of the general community in first assistance and resuscitation decidedly helps in salvaging many lives before formal medical assistance reaches the catastrophe site. Evaluations of developing plans on first assistance and resuscitation have shown good consequences. Contingency plans and extenuation programs for inundation become successful merely when the planning procedure involves all the community members and it take into history the bing societal constructions and dynamics.32 It has been estimated that, 80-90 per centum of wellness attention demands in the first 24 hours after inundation strikes the community can be managed by trained voluntaries from the community itself. This besides reduces the work load on the public wellness system. 33 1.4.4 Public wellness workers Enrolling and retaining human resources in public wellness system is an all clip challenge. There is acute deficit of human resources in rural countries and it is felt clearly during catastrophes like inundation. 34 But Training of available human resource in flood direction can cut down the service spread during inundation well. 35 Training and capacity edifice of wellness forces is one of the most of import elements of catastrophe readiness program of public wellness system. Trained work force shows assurance in managing exigency state of affairss. Evaluation of preparation and capacity edifice activities are normally done by comparing pre-tests and post-tests36 but the existent rating of competence and effectivity occurs as the jeopardy strikes the community. Training besides helps to detect inadequacies in accomplishments, determination pickings pattern and information systems. 37 Training should hold theory Sessionss based on success narratives elsewhere in the universe and mock Sessionss supplying accomplishments to cover with the practical job. The most of import thing is that there should be refresher preparations on a regular basis with regular updating of cognition. 38 There should be more capacity edifice activities for community degree wellness workers as they are the first contact points for the community in exigency state of affairss like inundation. These activities should be based on recognized scientific attacks but adapted to the local culture.39 1.5 Public wellness system in Odisha Commissioner-cum-secretary of section of wellness is the administrative caput of the section and studies to the wellness curate. Nine managers and the drug accountant of Odisha study straight to the commissioner-cum-secretary. These managers are Mission Director, National Rural Health Mission ( NRHM ) ; Project Director, Odisha State AIDS Control Society ( OSACS ) ; Director, Medical Education and Training ; Director, Acharya Harihar Regional Cancer Centre ( AHRCC ) ; Director, Family Welfare ; Director, Health Services ; Director, Public Health ; Director, State Institute of Health and Family Welfare ( SIHFW ) ; Director, Indian System of Medicine ( ISM ) and Homeopathy. Commissioner-cum-secretary is besides helped by secretaries at assorted degrees such as particular secretary, extra secretary, joint secretary, deputy secretary and under secretary. ( Annexure-1 ) District wellness disposal is headed by head territory medical officer. Public wellness system below territory degree has been described in the subdivision 3.1 ( Health system in the survey territory ) of consequence chapter. Table1.3 gives an thought about the figure of public wellness attention establishments in Odisha which provide services to entire population of 41,947,358 ( Rural 34,951,234 and Urban 6,996,124 ) in Odisha.40 Medical College and Hospitals 3 District Hospitals ( 30 territories + Capital Hospital, Bhubaneswar A ; Rourkela General Hospital ) 32 Sub-Divisional Hospitals 26 Community Health Centres 377 Other Hospitals 79 Primary Health Centres 1228 Sub-Centres 6688 Ayurvedic Hospitals 2 Ayurvedic College A ; Hospitals 3 Ayurvedic Dispensaries 619 Homoeopathic College A ; Hospitals 4 Homoeopathic Dispensaries 561 Unani Dispensaries 9 Source- Annual Activity Report 2011-12, Health and Family Welfare Department, Government of Odisha. 1.5.1 Public wellness system response to inundation in Odisha Directorate of Public Health in Odisha has been created by a declaration of Department of Health A ; Family Welfare in 2009. Disaster direction is one of the chief activities of the board of directors. 14 The State unit of Integrated Disease Surveillance Project ( IDSP ) becomes the province control room during inundation. During 2011 inundation, 135 medical alleviation squads were deployed and 482 Medical Relief Centers were opened in the inundation affected districts.141,73,374 packages of ORS and 52,74,613 Halogen tablets were distributed. 1 1.6 Rationale for the survey Successful direction of wellness impacts of inundation depends on the coordination of assorted sections and bureaus with the wellness section, cooperation from the community and leading of the wellness section. This can merely be achieved by bettering the apprehension of wellness hazards in local scenes and of the societal and cultural qualifiers of those risks.17 Research on inundation hazards and response has mostly focused on economic sciences, support and agribusiness. Very few researches have given attending to wellness dimension of inundation. 41 A study of primary wellness centres in Jagatsinghpur territory of Odisha, surrounding territory of Kendrapara was done instantly after 2008 inundation. The aims were to measure the readiness and functional capacity of primary wellness centres in the territory for inundation response. Pretested questionnaire was used to interview medical officers merely. Health workers and other back uping staffs were non interviewed. 42 No mentions of survey conducted in Kendrapara territory which tries to understand the wellness hazards of community and wellness staffs, inter and intra wellness section work kineticss, outlook and cooperation of community and community based organisations in flood state of affairss were found. This survey is an effort to understand these local wellness system kineticss which can be utilized to alter the policy for better readiness of wellness system to pull off and extenuate the inauspicious wellness impacts of inundation in Kendrapara territory. 1.7 Aims of the survey aˆ? To analyze the major jobs encountered by public wellness workers in presenting the services after inundation aˆ? To analyze the readiness of public wellness workers for pull offing inundation state of affairs aˆ? To happen out the capacity spreads of public wellness workers in covering with inundation state of affairs How to cite Relative Frequency And Effects Of Disasters Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Wireless Technology and Antennas for Engineering -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theWireless Technology and Antennasfor Engineering Students. Answer: Antennas are categorized based on their performance defined by the "Antennas Performance Parameters" characteristics. These parameters determine the quality, range and other important aspects of the antenna. Based on these parameters, they are grouped into five broad categories depending on their functionality and the different parameters they may have. These groups include Log Periodic Antennas, Wire Antennas, Traveling Waves Antennas, Microwave Antennas and lastly, Aperture Antennas ("Different types of Antennas with Properties and their Working", 2017). The parameters that define the categories of the different types of antennas are Antenna Gain and Directive, Aperture, Bandwidth and Frequency, Polarization and Polar diagram ("Different types of Antennas with Properties and their Working", 2017). To determine the strengths and weaknesses of the different antennas, one must understand these parameters in details. For instance, polar diagram affects an antenna's radiation the most s ignificant parameter of an antenna. For instance, in wire antennas, the effectiveness of radiation transmission from one pole to another depends on the impedance of the given poles. However, this is not the case when it comes to Aperture antennas. Aperture antennas are designed differently, allowing the radiation to be only Omni directional, that is, does not have a single specific direction. Since wire antennas depend on the impedance of two poles for efficiency, there is room for loss of radiation leading to a weaker radiation compared to aperture antennas. Other crucial parameters of antennas are frequency, directive gain, and bandwidth. Frequency refers to numbers of a complete cycle the waves from one end of an antenna completes in one second. Bandwidth is the difference between the highest frequency and the lowest frequency. Bandwidth differs from one type of antenna to another. From the vast characteristics of antennas, it can be seen that although some antennas are stronger and more desirable than others, it is difficult to choose one type of antenna over the other or state with certainty which type will dominate the future. This is because the different types of antennas have different application. One type may be suitable in cellular technology why another is suitable for military communication. CDMA, an acronym for Code Division Multiple Access and Frequency Division Multiple Access, abbreviated by FDMA are technologies in the wireless networking that allow multiple access by multiple users. Although both CDMA and FDMA are capable of carrying digital information, FDMA is considered not effective. Consequently, it is used mostly for analog transmission technology. CDMA focuses on uniquely coding the information before sending it out in small bits. It then uses the code to match another user on the other end. Once it finds a match, it then connects the two users. A good example of the CDMA technology as such used in the CDMA IS-95 standard where an entire 1.225 MHz is shared by many channels using unique 64 Walsh Code. Conversely, in FDMA, a whole bandwidth is divided into different channels before being allocated to different users. An example of the FDMA network is the GSM. Here, the 25 MHz band is divided into 124 RF careers with a bandwidth of 200 KHz each before being si gned to the user. With the similarity of the two networks relying on their wireless, the main difference between the two is entirely on the way they are transmitted. Although the two technologies may be seem so different from each other, there application can be merged to compliment each other. Research is underway to combine the advantages of both technologies to make wireless communication even better. Applications of wireless technologies have gone beyond the basic networking. Often, more and more sophisticated wireless technologies are being used in every aspect of life. It has advanced from data transfer to power transfer. Some of the advanced wireless technologies used today include wireless charging, Wireless sensors, and actuators for tracking energy usage as well as seamless roaming. The future of wireless technology is bright with a possibility of a wide range of applications. However, I consider wireless charging to be the dominant wireless technology of the future. Wireless charging or technically, inductive charging is the recharging of electronic gadgets without using cords. Wireless charging is used through the application of magnetic resonance principles. The technology uses two terminals called Qi sender and Qi receiver within an electromagnetic field. When a current passes through the Qi sender, it generates an electromagnetic field. The magnetic field is received b y the Qi receiver and converted back to AC current for charging (Wireless Charging; How Inductive Chargers Work PowerbyProxi, 2015). Its major application is currently in the phone manufacturing. Wireless charging is an advanced example of the wireless technology which its application is still in its infancy. Consequently, there are still many pitfalls on its way. The current application of wireless charging faces a number of disadvantages which include inefficiency through power loss and slow charging which translates to longer charging time. Despite these challenges, wireless technology has a long way to perfect. Its advantages outweigh its disadvantages which give the possibility to dominate the future of charging. References Antenna Theory Tutorial. (2017).www.tutorialspoint.com. Retrieved 22 August 2017, from https://www.tutorialspoint.com/antenna_theory/index.htm Different types of Antennas with Properties and thier Working. (2017).ElProCus - Electronic Projects for Engineering Students. Retrieved 22 August 2017, from https://www.elprocus.com/different-types-of-antennas-with-properties-and-thier-working/ FDMA Technology.www.tutorialspoint.com. Retrieved 22 August 2017, from https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cdma/fdma_technology.htm FDMA versus TDMA versus CDMA-Difference between FDMA,TDMA,CDMA.Rfwireless-world.com. Retrieved 22 August 2017, from https://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/FDMA-versus-TDMA-versus-CDMA.html Frezza, F. (2017).Introduction to Traveling-Wave antennas. European School of Antennas. Wireless Charging amp; How Inductive Chargers Work PowerbyProxi. (2015).PowerbyProxi. Retrieved 12 April 2017, from https://powerbyproxi.com/wireless-charging/

The Religious Themes Relating To Notions Of Deity

Internet Assignment Earthquake essays

Internet Assignment Earthquake essays Please write neatly. If I cannot read your handwriting, I will not grade your assignment. Please print your name on this assignment. Please staple your assignment before turning it in. Cutting and pasting directly from web sites or copying from a friend is called PLAGIARISM! Dont do it! Read Dr. Asher's policy on Plagiarism in your syllabus. This exercise will focus on topics related to earthquakes. Web sites with useful definitions and information about earthquakes are: and [put an underline symbol ( _ ) between the words general and seismicity if you are typing this address in by hand]. (Or low-tech types can just use the text book!) First let's see how the world is shakin' today. Go to [current_seismicity]. Click on the link called Near Real-Time Earthquake . 1. What is the time and date you are doing this exercise (as in accessing this web site)? Sunday, November 11, 2001 @ 12:26:51 2a. How many earthquakes have occurred today? What is the location, depth, and magnitude of the largest one? [If you are doing this early in the morning and no earthquakes have been reported, use the previous day's data.] Twenty-one earthquakes have happened today. The large one was in Panama - Costa Rica border. The depth was 33 kilometers and the magnitude was 6.1 . 2b. Did this earthquake (the largest one) occur on or very near the boundary between two of the earth's crustal plates (yes or no)? If yes, what are the names of the plates involved and what type of plate boundary is it (divergent, convergent, or transform)? (Please use Fig. 1.12 to identify type of plate boundary and names of plates involved.) This earthquake occured very near the boundary of the Carribbean crustal plate. The typ ...

Is aggression in man Adaptive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is aggression in man Adaptive - Essay Example Upon sensing them, they are refined through internal adjustments brought about by learning and hormonal changes. Aggression then is actually an action driven by a programmed set of chemical responses within the body that prepares an animal to the actual or impending threat. There are eight forms of aggression according to E.O. Wilson. Territorial, dominance, sexual, parental disciplinary, weaning, moralistic, predatory, and anti-predatory aggression, are mechanisms by which animals improve their fitness for survival and reproduction (1980, p.118). For example, by demonstrating territorial aggression, an animal will protect his both habitat and his family. These programmed biological responses to various environmental threats bear high levels of heritability, according to the researches made by E.O. Wilson, which builds up its genetic nature and provides proof that aggressive behavior is adaptive. Furthermore, some species' aggressive behaviors are "specialized, stereotyped and highly predictable" (1980, p.122). This further validates aggression's adaptive nature. Humans face the same forms of aggression and, basically behave aggressively as those of animals. A human father is also protective on his house the same way as a lion is to his territory. He can become violent to a point that he would kill someone if he witnesses a thief stealing properties in his house. This is one a "fight or flight" response of humans to adverse conditions. Humans are also wary about the "external environmental contingencies," such as "encounters outside the group, food, crowding, seasonal change" (Wilson 1980, 122-123). Wilson provided an analogy between an experiment of overcrowded of cats and rats to that of people in concentration and prisoners-of-war camps wherein overcrowding caused both mentioned animals and humans to behave aggressively to each other during extreme conditions (1997, p.127). When experiencing stressful and threatening conditions, humans and animals share the same reactions. Humans also have the internal mechanisms as that of animals that results to aggressive behavior. Both have the capabilities to retain previous experiences in their brains. Though there are differences in the effects of hormonal secretions for different animals, specifically vertebrates (as in the different reactions of estrogen to different species) hormones are still responsible for the aggression of both animals and humans. A good example of this is epinephrine, a hormone that triggers the fight-or-flight response in humans. Moreover, the two modes of competition suggest that animals have devised diverse ways to gain advantage of others. While direct aggression, being the first mode, can accomplish this goal, some species executes some ways to mutually repulse each other. Some species of ants use organizational techniques in order to win the competition (Wilson, 1980). Humans have usually been engaging in competition both by direct aggression and by mutual repulsion. Many of our activities are competitive in nature and participants herein use aggression in a productive way to dominate their rivals. However, though humans experience the same inputs that causes aggression and share the same internal mechani

Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Religion - Essay Example In addition, this culture learns how to arouse spirits using such holy names. Moreover, it inspires them to divines that will make them act like God. Claimed Gods power can summon the spirits and give them commands of their wish. Religion has become dynamic with time. Education facilitates competence in religion where people are coming up with new creative beliefs to convince people on matters related to religion and supernatural issues. Prophet Dr. Owuor of repentance and holiness ministry successfully come up with beliefs of doom prophecies by integrating sciences calculations and his prophecies. He has convinced people strong believing in God can manipulates natural factors such as when he called down rain. He also prophesied on the Italy earthquake that indeed later hit the country. His prophecy religion has attracted a lot of people who have abandoned their cultural region in favor of this which incorporates all diversified beliefs about what, when and how supernatural events will take

Kaposi’s Sarcoma: Insights into its Understanding

Kaposi’s Sarcoma: Insights into its Understanding Abstract Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS) is a common vascular tumor arising in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients and is one of the 27 conditions designated by the Centers for Disease Control as an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) defining illness. Human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8), now called Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV), is a member of ÃŽ ³ herpes virus family and is considered to be the causative agent of KS. This review aims to discuss KS and its association with HIV/AIDS with an emphasis on oral features, the role of HHV-8/KSHV in causation of KS, and the current challenges faced in management of the disease. Key words: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, human herpes virus-8, Kaposi’s sarcoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus Introduction In 1869, Helmut Kobner, a German physician, appears to have been the first to describe cases of metastatic cutaneous sarcoma. In 1872, the Hungarian physician, Moricz Kaposi, described an idiopathic, multipigmented, tumor-like lesion of the skin that eventually was named Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS).1,2 During the 19th century, KS was considered a rare disease and by the early 20th century, an increased incidence was suggested.2,3 KS is now a common vascular tumor arising in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients, and is one of the 27 conditions designated by the Centers for Disease Control as an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) defining illness.2,4 Human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8), also called Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV), a member of ÃŽ ³ herpes virus family, is considered to be the causative agent of KS.5 Clinical Features Based on epidemiology and demographics, there are four variants of KS: 1) Classic KS that is relatively benign and predominantly occurs in elderly men of Mediterranean, Eastern European, or Middle Eastern descent with a median age of > 70 years; 2) an Endemic or â€Å"African† form of KS that also occurs predominantly in men at a ratio of 3:1 with a peak median age of 35 to 39 years; 3) Iatrogenic or Post-transplant KS that may occur in HIV-seronegative immunocompromised individuals, long term users of steroids and cytotoxic drugs, and individuals with autoimmune disorders; and 4) AIDS-associated KS. Although the four variants of KS are distinctive, they share similar clinical and histologic features, suggestive of common pathogenesis.5 In contrast to classic KS, which is often limited to the extremities, AIDS-associated KS frequently involves the muco-cutaneous regions of the head and neck as primary sites, and visceral involvement is also present.6 Muco-cutaneous lesions of the head and neck region, occur in estimated 10% of AIDS patients.7 The oral cavity is frequently involved with the hard and soft palate, gingiva, and tongue being the most common sites.8,9 The prevalence of oral KS varies from 0-12% in Africa, and from 0-38% in United States and Europe.10,11 A high prevalence of oral KS was demonstrated in 18.6% of a group of HIV-infected patients in Zimbabwe. Since the advent of AIDS, KS has become more frequent in both the genders, the male to female ratio changing from 19:1 to 7:1, particularly in East Africa.12 On the basis of clinical appearance, AIDS-associated KS is classified into six major overlapping types: patch, plaque, nodular, telangiectatic, infiltrative, and florid.1,3,13,14 Oral lesions appear as red to purple macules, papules, or nodules that may ulcerate and cause local destruction.9,15 Although the clinical behavior of AIDS-associated oral KS is rather unpredictable, majority of the cases represent aggressive disease and have associated disseminated cutaneous and visceral lesions.16 Slow growing oral tumors are generally associated with patients who have no additional complicating opportunistic infections.17 Differential Diagnosis Early lesions of KS may be difficult to distinguish from ecchymoses, nevi, dermatofibroma, and lichen planus.18 Nodular or plaque like lesions overlying mucosa should be biopsied to rule out bacillary angiomatosis, hemangioma, pyogenic granuloma, angiosarcoma, or lymphangiosarcoma.18,19 Histopathology The cellular origin of KS is difficult to determine as lesions typically exhibit multiple cell types. The tumor is mainly composed of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and spindle-shaped cells.20-23 The spindle cells, considered the tumor element, are of mesenchymal origin and have features that resemble both endothelial and smooth muscle cells.22,23 The tumor cells may be derived from cells of either lymphatic or venous differentiation.17,22 Also, biopsies of KS feature numerous slit like vascular channels and may present extravasation of erythrocytes, hemosiderophages, eosinophilic hyaline inclusions, and inflammatory infiltrate.9,20,21 The histogenesis of the spindle cell component, believed to be the KS tumor cell, remains controversial; although many studies favor an endothelial cell origin.22-24 Another highly debatable issue is whether KS is a clonal â€Å"neoplastic† lesion, or whether it is â€Å"reactive† and polyclonal. Most of the evidence suggests that many KS lesions are hyperplastic and polyclonal in nature, but that either these lesions contain a small proportion of clonal, neoplastic tumor cells that are difficult to identify and culture, or some of these polyclonal lesions may undergo full transformation during disease progression, probably when an actively proliferating cell acquires genetic alterations that provide a selective advantage, leading to the emergence of a truly neoplastic clone in the minority of cases of KS.24 Role of HHV-8/KSHV HIV Multiple agents, including cytomegalo virus, hepatitis-B virus, human herpes virus-6, HIV, and Mycoplasma penetrans, have been suspected in the past as causing KS; but none of these have been clearly shown to present in most cases and to have a causal association with KS.24 Thus, although an infectious origin has long been suspected, it was only in 1994 that HHV-8/KSHV was first detected in KS specimens.25 KSHV is now considered the causative agent of AIDS-associated, classic, endemic, and iatrogenic KS. In addition, it is also believed to be the causative agent of primary effusion lymphomas (body cavity based lymphomas),26 multicentric Castlemans disease,26,27 and possibly oral plasmablastic lymphomas.28 Serological studies have indicated that unlike other human herpes viruses, KSHV is not ubiquitous.26 The seroprevalence of KSHV is low in the United States and parts of Europe (ranging from 0 to 20%), rising in Mediterranean countries to reach levels greater than 50% in some geographic regions of Africa.12 In North America and Europe, primary infection with KSHV mainly occurs among adult homosexual men and is transmitted principally via sexual contact; the KSHV seroprevalence being associated with the number of sexual partners and sexual practices.12,26 Transmission of KSHV via saliva has also been documented.29 In African populations, KSHV infection seems to occur largely before puberty through casual family and community contacts; oral secretions being a potential vehicle of non-sexual horizontal spread; vertical transmission of KSHV being insignificant.12,26 A recent study conducted in Malawi, Africa, has also shown that, apparently, healthy people in regions where KSHV is endemic can be infected by multiple strains.30 However, it is still unclear if this reflects a simultaneous co-infection by several KSHV strains, reactivation of latent strains, or super infection.30 KSHV is lymphotropic and is more closely related to Epstein-Barr virus and herpes virus saimiri than to other herpes viruses.5,27 The KSHV genome contains several genes related to cellular genes involved in cell proliferation and host responses that probably contribute to viral pathogenesis.26,31 The pathogenesis of AIDS-associated KS is multifactorial and involves KSHV, altered expression and response to cytokines, and stimulation of KS growth by HIV trans-activation protein (tat).32,33 KSHV is a necessary, but solely not a sufficient cause of KS.34 It encodes protein homologues of interleukin-6, chemokines of the macrophage inflammatory protein family, cell cycle regulators of the cyclin family, and anti-apoptotic genes of the bcl-2 family.26 The HIV tat protein can promote the growth of spindle cells of endothelial origin, but only in presence of inflammatory cytokines.32,33 The synergistic relationship between inflammatory cytokines and HIV tat protein, when combined with the immunosuppression associated with AIDS, may provide an explanation for aggressive nature of AIDS-associated KS compared to relatively non-aggressive, classic Mediterranean form in which the HIV tat protein does not play a role.33 The sequence of events creating the inflammatory angiogenic environment has been described by Dezube 33 as follows: 1) circulating KS progenitor cells and cells latently infected with KSHV seek sites of pre-existing inflammation; in the case of oral KS, pre-existing inflammation may include acute and/or chronic periodontal disease sites; 2) exposure to inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-ÃŽ ± (IFN-ÃŽ ±) results in differentiation of latently infected cells into KS-like spindle cells and induces KSHV reactivation; 3) reactivation of KSHV leads to expression of potentially pathogenic genes such as viral interleukin-6 that in turn, can activate vascular endothelial growth factor and induce angiogenesis; 4) viral lytic replication in the same cells activates inflammation, which also may play a role in angiogenesis; 5) the creation of inflammatory-angiogenic environment increases the availability of infectable cells, i.e. endothelial and KS spindle cells, which are then included in the development of the lesion; 6) cells also become responsive to HIV tat protein; and 7) the HIV tat protein augments the inflammatory-angiogenic state by the increasing angiogenic activities of basic fibroblast growth factor, IFN-ÃŽ ±, and vascular endothelial growth factor by mimicking the effects of the external matrix proteins fibronectin and vitronectin and by increasing the expression of matrix metalloproteinases. Prognosis and Management The prognosis of patients with AIDS-associated KS is often related to factors other than the tumor burden itself. In 1989, the AIDS trial council group devised the TIS staging system, based upon the extent of tumor (T), the status of immune system in terms of CD4+ T-cell count (I), and the presence of other systemic HIV-related illness (S).12 At present there is no treatment for AIDS-associated KS. Treatment is thus directed towards the elimination, or at least reduction of cosmetically unacceptable lesions, pain, and edema, as well as the relief of symptoms caused by visceral involvement.33 Local therapy may be effective for limited disease, but systemic therapy is required for disseminated KS.33 Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) is useful in the management of AIDS-associated KS, as it will reduce the HIV viral load and raise the CD4+ T-cell count, both of which contribute to the pathogenesis of KS. Recent reports have described a reduced incidence or regression of KS in HIV-infected individuals treated with HAART that includes at least one protease inhibitor. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that protease inhibitors have a direct anti-angiogenic, anti-KS, and anti tumor activity at concentrations likely to be present in the blood of treated individuals. HAART causes fall in KSHV levels in the blood presumably because of a reduction in HIV proliferation, HIV/KSHV-mediated oncogenesis, and HIV-induced immunosuppresion.12 Older approaches of managing oral KS have included local irradiation, intralesional injections of vinblastine and 3% sodium tetradecyl sulphate, laser therapy, surgical excision, cytotoxic therapy with vinca alkaloids (vinblastine, vincristine, and vinorelbine), bleomycin, anthracyclines, paclitaxel, and liposomal anthracyclines. However, only five agents are commonly used for the treatment of KS: alitretinoin gel for topical therapy, and liposomal daunorubicin and oloxorubicin, paclitaxel, and IFN-ÃŽ ± for systemic therapy.12 The strong angiogenic component of KS makes it particularly suitable for treatment with drugs that act as anti-angiogenic agents such as thalidomide and newer agents such as matrix metalloproteinases and IM-862. Based upon the apoptotic and anti-proliferative activity of iron chelation on KS cells, it is also suggested that withdrawal strategies may be effective. Several retinoid compounds have also been tested in clinical trials for KS, with a response rate of 23-37%.12 Direct antiviral approaches targeting KSHV have been proposed. In vitro studies have shown that KSHV is very sensitive to cidofovir, moderately sensitive to ganciclovir and foscarnet, but only weakly sensitive to acyclovir. However, the efficacy of cidofovir in vivo has yet to be proven. IFN-ÃŽ ± may inhibit infection or reactivation by KSHV. Single agent therapy with IFN-ÃŽ ±, is associated with significant toxicity, but when in combination with anti retroviral agents it may have some application for disseminated, but non-rapidly progressive KS.12 Conclusions Studies pertaining to KS suggest epidemiologic patterns that are consistent with a sexually transmitted agent, before a viral agent HHV-8/KSHV was identified, and that it is strictly not an opportunistic infectious agent related to HIV/AIDS-associated KS. Immune suppression along with genetic and/or environmental factors may interplay in variable combinations in the eventual causation of KS. Currently, a wide array of treatment modalities for KS, are aimed at elimination of cosmetically unacceptable lesions, reduction of unsightly edema and lymphadenopathy, and to alleviate symptoms caused by systemic involvement.

Literary Genre Essay

Literature (from Latin litteraetantri (plural); letter) is the art of written works, and is not bound to published sources (although, under circumstances unpublished sources can be exempt). Literally translated, the word literature means â€Å"acquaintance with letters† (as in the â€Å"arts and letters†). The two major classification of literature are poetry and prose. â€Å"Literature† is sometimes differentiated from popular and ephemeral classes of writing. Terms such as â€Å"literary fiction† and â€Å"literary merit† are used to distinguish individual works as art-literature rather than vernacular writing, and some critics exclude works from being â€Å"literary†, for example, on grounds of weak or faulty style, use of slang, poor characterization and shallow or contrived construction. Others exclude all genres such as romance, crime and mystery, science fiction, horror and fantasy. Pop lyrics, which are not technically a written medium at all, have also been drawn into this controversy. POETRY A poem is a composition written in verse (although verse has been equally used for epic and dramatic fiction). Poems rely heavily on imagery, precise word choice, and metaphor; they may take the form of measures consisting of patterns of stresses (metric feet) or of patterns of different-length syllables (as in classical prosody); and they may or may not utilize rhyme. Relaxation Through Poetry is a tool used to help someone relax in times of stress. One cannot readily characterize poetry precisely. Typically though, poetry as a form of literature makes some significant use of the formal properties of the words it uses – the properties of the written or spoken form of the words, independent of their meaning. Meter depends on syllables and on rhythms of speech; rhyme and alliteration depend on the sounds of words. Arguably, poetry pre-dates other forms of literature. Early examples include the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (dated from around 2700 B. C. ), parts of the Bible, the surviving works of Homer (the Iliad and the Odyssey), and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. In cultures based primarily on oral traditions the formal characteristics of poetry often have a mnemonic function, and important texts: legal, genealogical or moral, for example, may appear first in verse form. Some poetry uses specific forms. Examples include the haiku, the limerick, and the sonnet. A traditional haiku written in Japanese relate to nature, contain seventeen onji (syllables), distributed over three lines in groups of five, seven, and five, and should also have a kigo, a specific word indicating a season. A limerick has five lines, with a rhyme scheme of AABBA, and line lengths of 3,3,2,2,3 stressed syllables. It traditionally has a less reverent attitude towards nature. Poetry not adhering to a formal poetic structure is called â€Å"free verse† Language and tradition dictate some poetic norms: Persian poetry always rhymes, Greek poetry rarely rhymes, Italian or French poetry often does, English and German poetry can go either way. Perhaps the most paradigmatic style of English poetry, blank verse, as exemplified in works by Shakespeare and Milton, consists of unrhymed iambic pentameters. Some languages prefer longer lines; some shorter ones. Some of these conventions result from the ease of fitting a specific language’s vocabulary and grammar into certain structures, rather than into others; for example, some languages contain more rhyming words than others, or typically have longer words. Other structural conventions come about as the result of historical accidents, where many speakers of a language associate good poetry with a verse form preferred by a particular skilled or popular poet. Works for theatre (see below) traditionally took verse form. This has now become rare outside opera and musicals, although many would argue that the language of drama remains intrinsically poetic. In recent years, digital poetry has arisen that takes advantage of the artistic, publishing, and synthetic qualities of digital media. An essay consists of a discussion of a topic from an author’s personal point of view, exemplified by works by Michel de Montaigne or by Charles Lamb. ‘Essay’ in English derives from ‘attempt. ‘ Thus, one can find open-ended, provocative and/or inconclusive essays. The term â€Å"essays† first applied to the self-reflective musings of Michel de Montaigne–even today he has a reputation as the father of this literary form. Genres related to the essay may include: †¢the memoir, telling the story of an author’s life from the author’s personal point of view †¢the epistle: usually a formal, didactic, or elegant letter. †¢works by Lady Murasaki[citation needed], the Arabic Hayy ibn Yaqdhan by Ibn Tufail, the Arabic Theologus Autodidactus by Ibn al-Nafis, and the Chinese Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong[citation needed]. Early novels in Europe did not count as significant litera perhaps because â€Å"mere† prose writing seemed easy and unimportant. It has become clear, however, that prose writing can provide aesthetic pleasure without adhering to poetic forms. Additionally, the freedom authors gain in not having to concern themselves with verse structure translates often into a more complex plot or into one richer in precise detail than one typically finds even in narrative poetry. This freedom also allows an author to experiment with many different literary and presentation styles—including poetry—in the scope of a single novel. Other prose literature Philosophical, historical, journalistic, legal and scientific writings are traditionally ranked as literature. They offer some of the oldest prose writings in existence; novels and prose stories earned the names â€Å"fiction† to distinguish them from factual writing or nonfiction, which writers historically have crafted in prose. Natural science As advances and specialization have made new scientific research inaccessible to most audiences, the â€Å"literary† nature of science writing has become less pronounced over the last two centuries. Now, science appears mostly in journals. Scientific works of Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton still possess great value, but since the science in them has largely become outdated, they no longer serve for scientific instruction. Yet, they remain too technical to sit well in most programmes of literary study. Outside of â€Å"history of science† programmes, students rarely read such works. Philosophy Philosophy, too, has become an increasingly academic discipline. More of its practitioners lament this situation than occurs with the sciences; nonetheless most new philosophical work appears in academic journals. Major philosophers through history—Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Descartes, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche—have become as canonical as any writers. Some recent philosophy works are argued to merit the title â€Å"literature†, such as some of the works by Simon Blackburn; but much of it does not, and some areas, such as logic, have become extremely technical to a degree similar to that of mathematics. History A great deal of historical writing ranks as literature, particularly the genre known as creative nonfiction. So can a great deal of journalism, such as literary journalism. However these areas have become extremely large, and often have a primarily utilitarian purpose: to record data or convey immediate information. As a result the writing in these fields often lacks a literary quality, although it often and in its better moments has that quality. Major â€Å"literary† historians include Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius, all of whom count as canonical literary figures. Law Law offers a less clear case. Some writings of Plato and Aristotle, or even the early parts of the Bible, might count as legal literature. The law tables of Hammurabi of Babylon might count. Roman civil law as codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis during the reign of Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire has a reputation as significant literature. The founding documents of many countries, including Constitutions and Law Codes, can count as literature; however, most legal writings rarely exhibit much literary merit, as they tend to be rather garrulous. Drama A play or drama offers another classical literary form that has continued to evolve over the years. It generally comprises chiefly dialogue between characters, and usually aims at dramatic / theatrical performance (see theatre) rather than at reading. During the 18th and 19th centuries, opera developed as a combination of poetry, drama, and music. Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively recently. Shakespeare could be considered drama. Romeo and Juliet, for example, is a classic romantic drama generally accepted as literature. Greek drama exemplifies the earliest form of drama of which we have substantial knowledge. Tragedy, as a dramatic genre, developed as a performance associated with religious and civic festivals, typically enacting or developing upon well-known historical or mythological themes. Tragedies generally presented very serious themes. With the advent of newer technologies, scripts written for non-stage media have been added to this form. War of the Worlds (radio) in 1938 saw the advent of literature written for radio broadcast, and many works of Drama have been adapted for film or television. Conversely, television, film, and radio literature have been adapted to printed or electronic media. Oral literature The term oral literature refers not to written, but to oral traditions, which includes different types of epic, poetry and drama, folktales, ballads. However the use of this oxymoron is controversial and not generally accepted by the scientific community. Some prefer to avoid the etymological question using â€Å"oral narrative tradition†, â€Å"oral sacred tradition†, â€Å"oral poetry† or directly using epics or poetry (terms that no necessarily imply writing), others prefer to create neologisms as orature.

The Count or Monte Cristo

Monte Cristo is paying an older gentleman to act as Marquis Bartolomeo Calvacanti, father of Andrea Calvacanti. They are both receiving an allowance to act as Andrea Calvacanti. They are presented to one another. Monte Cristo also invites them to his dinner party. He intends to introduce Andrea Calvacanti to Parisien society. Analysis: Monte Cristo is here setting the stage for Calvacanti's entrance to Parisien society where he will be instrumental in the downfall of Villefort, Caderousse, and Danglars. Chapter 32 In this chapter one learns that Maximilien Morrel and Valentine are in love.Valentine's father however, is to marry her off to Franz d'Epinay, whom she can never love. Her stepmother is opposed to the idea of her marrying in general for it means that Madame de Villefort's son will have nothing to inherit, for valentine will receive the fortune. Valentine and Maximilien meet in the garden, but Valentine must hurry off to meet her stepmother. Analysis: This chapter presents V alentine's marriage dilemma. Her father still is trying to loose his ties to the Bonapartists. He thus wishes to marry her to the son of a staunch royalist.Valentine, however, is closer to her Bonapartist grandfather. Noirtier will reveal his biggest secret to save her from the arms of a man she does not love. This chapter also presents Valentine's stepmother as a greedy mother who only seeks funds for her son. This woman's monetary greed foreshadows the tragedies that will strike the Villefort household. She is in fact a mirror image of Villefort, who was willing to sacrifice human life for is own gain. Chapter 33 Monsieur and Madame de Villefort live with Noirtier, Villefort's aged paralyzed father.Noirtier's fortune shall pass to Valentine upon her marriage. Thus, in this chapter, the Villefort's proceed to Noirtier's chamber to tell him of Valentine's coming marriage to Baron Franz d'Epinay. Noirtier is unable to speak since he suffered a stroke, however his discomfort and fury at this arrangement is apparent. There is existed much political enmity between Noirtier and this family. In fact, Noirtier was suspected of murdering the Baron's father. Villefort's goal in marrying Valentine to the Baron is thus to allay suspicion of this assassination. Valentine is summoned.She alone can decipher the old man's thoughts. He decides to make a will disinheriting Valentine if she marries the Baron. She, of course, approves of this for she does not wish to marry the Baron. She will still have Noirtier's love. Valentine also has other sources of income. Thus, Noirtier's actions are a threat to Villefort, not Valentine. Villefort, however, will not allow themselves to be intimidated by the whims of an old man. Let him donate his money to charity, says Madame de Villefort, for he has also made it clear that the money will not go to Madame de Villefort's son.Analysis: This chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter. Noirtier attempts to save Valentine from marriage . By denying her of his fortune, (but not his love) he hopes to prevent her father from marrying her to Franz. He will have to resort to greater measures, however. Only after he reveals his guilt in the death of Franz d'Epinay's father Chapter 34 The Count visits the Villeforts to remind them to attend his dinner party at his Auteuil house. Monsieur de Villefort of course recognizes the address of this haunting house.It is the one where he was stabbed attempting to bury his live newborn child. The Count also sends a telegram to Debray in this chapter relating a contrived news bulletin of a political chaos in Spain. Debray thus rushes to Danglars' wife telling her to recommend to her husband that he sell all his Spanish bonds. He does so, though he loses money. At the end of the day when the news is proven false, the bonds rise to twice their original value. The net loss for Danglars is thus a million francs. Analysis: The Count's mechanism to destroy two of his enemies is set in mot ion.He insists that the Villeforts attend, even though this shall be very emotionally taxing for the public prosecutor. The Count also is responsible for providing false information to Debray. This will cause Danglars to speculate incorrectly and lose one million francs. Chapter 35 The guests arrive at the dinner party. Monte Cristo serves them astounding exotic foods. Bertuccio, his servant recognizes Andrea Calvacanti as the newborn baby he has saved from Villefort's box. It is the baby his sister in law raised. He also recognizes Madame Danglars as the woman Villefort used to visit at Auteuil.After dinner, Monte Cristo gives the guests a tour of the house and makes several insinuations that a crime was committed in his new house. He gives the guest a tour, finally leading them to the garden where he says he dug up the skeleton of a newborn baby. All the while he has observed Villefort and Madame Danglars tremble. Analysis: The Count's tour causes Villefort and Madame Danglars muc h psychological trauma. The rest of the guest's are astounded at the Count's exotic hospitality. The exotic foods are a symbol of the Count's worldliness. He is no longer a naà ¯ve youth.Villefort trembles because he now realizes that the Count knows the secrets of his past. He is aware that there was no skeleton buried in the garden, for he had searched for this very same skeleton and had never found it. Thus, he is aware that the count is lying to everyone by saying that he had found the remains of a newborn baby. Chapter 36 Caderousse returns as an escaped convict and enters Andrea Calvacanti's carriage as he is leaving Monte Cristo's dinner party. He demands a cut of what Calvacanti is being paid by Monte Cristo. Andrea agrees. Analysis:This chapter links both Caderousse and Calvacanti (Benedetto). It creates tension between the two that shall not be resolved until Benedetto kills Caderousse when he attempts to rob the Count. Chapter 37 Monsieur Debray, upon leaving Monte Crist o's dinner party, returns to Madame Danglars' residence. He notices her agitation but she denies any trouble. Danglars enters their suite. He advises his wife that she should not keep Debray away from his house late at night since Debray's residence is some distance away. Debray is shocked at this intrusion.Danglars, however, wins the battle of words between himself and his wife. Debray leaves. Danglars proceeds to blame her for ruining his fortune. He demands that she pay him a quarter of what he lost because it was at her request that he had sold his Spanish bonds. After all, he reasons, when he earns money he pays her a cut of the profits. When he gives her this money he claims that he does not ask her where she spends it, though he insinuates that he knows she passes it on to Debray. Thus, if she does not have the money to pay for the loss, she should ask Debray for the money.Danglars knows all about her love affairs. He knows that Debray is not the first, and he tolerates it un til it dips into his fortune. He even knows that her past includes her lover Monsieur de Villefort, and that she was at one time six months pregnant by him. Madame Danglars is overwhelmed. Analysis: Monte Cristo has succeeded in ruining a million francs of Danglars' fortune by providing false knowledge to Debray. Danglars consequently falsely speculated after his wife relayed Debray's false information. Thus Monte Cristo is on the road to destroying the man who was the mastermind behind his incarceration.His destruction must occur slowly, however, just as he was made to rot slowly away in prison. Chapter 38 Danglars pays a visit to Monte Cristo. He complains of his investment adviser, Jacopo, who never made a mistake till now. He just lost seven hundred thousand francs at Trieste. Calvacanti is also opening credit with Danglars, and Monte Cristo backs up this man's â€Å"incredible fortune† verbally for Danglars. He also mentions that Calvacanti's son may be looking for a Par isien wife. Danglars, the speculator is intrigued at this prospect.He reveals to Monte Cristo that he is not completely sure about his daughter's engagement to Albert de Morcerf.. Danglars was made a baron, but de Morcerf made himself a count. They are both of humble birth, but there has been scandal attached to Morcerf's name. Monte Cristo feigns vague recollection of the Ali Pasha affair. Analysis: Monte Cristo continues to destroy Danglars financially. He also wishes to humiliate Danglars publicly. He thus introduces Danglars to the idea that Calvacanti may be looking for a Parisien wife such as Eugenie.Danglars shall make the arrangements for the betrothal despite his daughter's wishes. Chapter 39 Madame Danglars visits Monsieur de Villefort, for he had given her an appointment to discuss the previous evening's events. Recollect that Monte Cristo had told his guests that he had found a skeleton in the backyard of a newborn baby. However, Villefort now admits to Madame Danglars t hat this is impossible. It is impossible because he had returned after his recuperation from the Corsican's stabbing to find the garden devoid of any box containing the dead child.He thus assumes that the Corsican saved the child and that it is alive. Monte Cristo must know their secret and he swears to find out how. Within a week he says he will know who Monte Cristo really is, where he comes from, and why he knows their secret. Analysis: This chapter clarifies that Madame Danglars did not know that her baby was born alive. She believed it to be a stillbirth. She was unaware of Villefort's evil sin. Ironically, Villefort will soon know Monte Cristos true identity, but only once he has been ruined and Monte Cristo chooses to deliver the final blow.Chapter 40 Albert returns from Treport and visits Monte Cristo. Albert states that the thought of living with Mademoiselle Danglars every day horrifies him. Monte Cristo reassures Albert by stating that Monsieur Danglars may back out on hi s word in favor of another husband for his daughter. At this Albert wonders why he is not good enough for Danglars, despite his desire to be rid of the duty to marry. Monte Cristo reassures Albert Danglars is a man of bad taste, and thus prefers another to Albert. The Count or Monte Cristo Monte Cristo is paying an older gentleman to act as Marquis Bartolomeo Calvacanti, father of Andrea Calvacanti. They are both receiving an allowance to act as Andrea Calvacanti. They are presented to one another. Monte Cristo also invites them to his dinner party. He intends to introduce Andrea Calvacanti to Parisien society. Analysis: Monte Cristo is here setting the stage for Calvacanti's entrance to Parisien society where he will be instrumental in the downfall of Villefort, Caderousse, and Danglars. Chapter 32 In this chapter one learns that Maximilien Morrel and Valentine are in love.Valentine's father however, is to marry her off to Franz d'Epinay, whom she can never love. Her stepmother is opposed to the idea of her marrying in general for it means that Madame de Villefort's son will have nothing to inherit, for valentine will receive the fortune. Valentine and Maximilien meet in the garden, but Valentine must hurry off to meet her stepmother. Analysis: This chapter presents V alentine's marriage dilemma. Her father still is trying to loose his ties to the Bonapartists. He thus wishes to marry her to the son of a staunch royalist.Valentine, however, is closer to her Bonapartist grandfather. Noirtier will reveal his biggest secret to save her from the arms of a man she does not love. This chapter also presents Valentine's stepmother as a greedy mother who only seeks funds for her son. This woman's monetary greed foreshadows the tragedies that will strike the Villefort household. She is in fact a mirror image of Villefort, who was willing to sacrifice human life for is own gain. Chapter 33 Monsieur and Madame de Villefort live with Noirtier, Villefort's aged paralyzed father.Noirtier's fortune shall pass to Valentine upon her marriage. Thus, in this chapter, the Villefort's proceed to Noirtier's chamber to tell him of Valentine's coming marriage to Baron Franz d'Epinay. Noirtier is unable to speak since he suffered a stroke, however his discomfort and fury at this arrangement is apparent. There is existed much political enmity between Noirtier and this family. In fact, Noirtier was suspected of murdering the Baron's father. Villefort's goal in marrying Valentine to the Baron is thus to allay suspicion of this assassination. Valentine is summoned.She alone can decipher the old man's thoughts. He decides to make a will disinheriting Valentine if she marries the Baron. She, of course, approves of this for she does not wish to marry the Baron. She will still have Noirtier's love. Valentine also has other sources of income. Thus, Noirtier's actions are a threat to Villefort, not Valentine. Villefort, however, will not allow themselves to be intimidated by the whims of an old man. Let him donate his money to charity, says Madame de Villefort, for he has also made it clear that the money will not go to Madame de Villefort's son.Analysis: This chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter. Noirtier attempts to save Valentine from marriage . By denying her of his fortune, (but not his love) he hopes to prevent her father from marrying her to Franz. He will have to resort to greater measures, however. Only after he reveals his guilt in the death of Franz d'Epinay's father Chapter 34 The Count visits the Villeforts to remind them to attend his dinner party at his Auteuil house. Monsieur de Villefort of course recognizes the address of this haunting house.It is the one where he was stabbed attempting to bury his live newborn child. The Count also sends a telegram to Debray in this chapter relating a contrived news bulletin of a political chaos in Spain. Debray thus rushes to Danglars' wife telling her to recommend to her husband that he sell all his Spanish bonds. He does so, though he loses money. At the end of the day when the news is proven false, the bonds rise to twice their original value. The net loss for Danglars is thus a million francs. Analysis: The Count's mechanism to destroy two of his enemies is set in mot ion.He insists that the Villeforts attend, even though this shall be very emotionally taxing for the public prosecutor. The Count also is responsible for providing false information to Debray. This will cause Danglars to speculate incorrectly and lose one million francs. Chapter 35 The guests arrive at the dinner party. Monte Cristo serves them astounding exotic foods. Bertuccio, his servant recognizes Andrea Calvacanti as the newborn baby he has saved from Villefort's box. It is the baby his sister in law raised. He also recognizes Madame Danglars as the woman Villefort used to visit at Auteuil.After dinner, Monte Cristo gives the guests a tour of the house and makes several insinuations that a crime was committed in his new house. He gives the guest a tour, finally leading them to the garden where he says he dug up the skeleton of a newborn baby. All the while he has observed Villefort and Madame Danglars tremble. Analysis: The Count's tour causes Villefort and Madame Danglars muc h psychological trauma. The rest of the guest's are astounded at the Count's exotic hospitality. The exotic foods are a symbol of the Count's worldliness. He is no longer a naive youth.Villefort trembles because he now realizes that the Count knows the secrets of his past. He is aware that there was no skeleton buried in the garden, for he had searched for this very same skeleton and had never found it. Thus, he is aware that the count is lying to everyone by saying that he had found the remains of a newborn baby. Chapter 36 Caderousse returns as an escaped convict and enters Andrea Calvacanti's carriage as he is leaving Monte Cristo's dinner party. He demands a cut of what Calvacanti is being paid by Monte Cristo. Andrea agrees. Analysis:This chapter links both Caderousse and Calvacanti (Benedetto). It creates tension between the two that shall not be resolved until Benedetto kills Caderousse when he attempts to rob the Count. Chapter 37 Monsieur Debray, upon leaving Monte Cristo's dinner party, returns to Madame Danglars' residence. He notices her agitation but she denies any trouble. Danglars enters their suite. He advises his wife that she should not keep Debray away from his house late at night since Debray's residence is some distance away. Debray is shocked at this intrusion.Danglars, however, wins the battle of words between himself and his wife. Debray leaves. Danglars proceeds to blame her for ruining his fortune. He demands that she pay him a quarter of what he lost because it was at her request that he had sold his Spanish bonds. After all, he reasons, when he earns money he pays her a cut of the profits. When he gives her this money he claims that he does not ask her where she spends it, though he insinuates that he knows she passes it on to Debray. Thus, if she does not have the money to pay for the loss, she should ask Debray for the money.Danglars knows all about her love affairs. He knows that Debray is not the first, and he tolerates it until it dips into his fortune. He even knows that her past includes her lover Monsieur de Villefort, and that she was at one time six months pregnant by him. Madame Danglars is overwhelmed. Analysis: Monte Cristo has succeeded in ruining a million francs of Danglars' fortune by providing false knowledge to Debray. Danglars consequently falsely speculated after his wife relayed Debray's false information. Thus Monte Cristo is on the road to destroying the man who was the mastermind behind his incarceration.His destruction must occur slowly, however, just as he was made to rot slowly away in prison. Chapter 38 Danglars pays a visit to Monte Cristo. He complains of his investment adviser, Jacopo, who never made a mistake till now. He just lost seven hundred thousand francs at Trieste. Calvacanti is also opening credit with Danglars, and Monte Cristo backs up this man's â€Å"incredible fortune† verbally for Danglars. He also mentions that Calvacanti's son may be looking for a Parisi en wife. Danglars, the speculator is intrigued at this prospect.He reveals to Monte Cristo that he is not completely sure about his daughter's engagement to Albert de Morcerf.. Danglars was made a baron, but de Morcerf made himself a count. They are both of humble birth, but there has been scandal attached to Morcerf's name. Monte Cristo feigns vague recollection of the Ali Pasha affair. Analysis: Monte Cristo continues to destroy Danglars financially. He also wishes to humiliate Danglars publicly. He thus introduces Danglars to the idea that Calvacanti may be looking for a Parisien wife such as Eugenie.Danglars shall make the arrangements for the betrothal despite his daughter's wishes. Chapter 39 Madame Danglars visits Monsieur de Villefort, for he had given her an appointment to discuss the previous evening's events. Recollect that Monte Cristo had told his guests that he had found a skeleton in the backyard of a newborn baby. However, Villefort now admits to Madame Danglars that this is impossible. It is impossible because he had returned after his recuperation from the Corsican's stabbing to find the garden devoid of any box containing the dead child.He thus assumes that the Corsican saved the child and that it is alive. Monte Cristo must know their secret and he swears to find out how. Within a week he says he will know who Monte Cristo really is, where he comes from, and why he knows their secret. Analysis: This chapter clarifies that Madame Danglars did not know that her baby was born alive. She believed it to be a stillbirth. She was unaware of Villefort's evil sin. Ironically, Villefort will soon know Monte Cristos true identity, but only once he has been ruined and Monte Cristo chooses to deliver the final blow.Chapter 40 Albert returns from Treport and visits Monte Cristo. Albert states that the thought of living with Mademoiselle Danglars every day horrifies him. Monte Cristo reassures Albert by stating that Monsieur Danglars may back out on his w ord in favor of another husband for his daughter. At this Albert wonders why he is not good enough for Danglars, despite his desire to be rid of the duty to marry. Monte Cristo reassures Albert Danglars is a man of bad taste, and thus prefers another to Albert.